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| − | == Chapter One - Origin and Events ==
| + | #REDIRECT [[Directory:Korcula History]] |
| − | Some fathers of history took notice of the writings of Diti who was a contemporary from Cretan. When writing about the war of Troy, he noted that Antenore was the first to land on the island and build a city. Because of the islands dark appearance of its woods it was called ''Corcira Melaena''. Other followers of his position claim that they were not exiles of Ilius, but fugitives of Gnido. In turn the vernacularisation of Ditti, work of Cav.<ref>Cavaliere = Knight (honorary title)</ref> Compagnoni, <ref>Dalmatia, literary sheet, 1st January 1846; No. 1</ref> stated that Antenore remained in [[Greece]], but the said Aeneas, was the likely leader of the colony and founder of the ''City of Curzola'', (Korčula's old name was Curzola) <ref>Editors notes: The Old-Slavic term was Krkar.</ref> competing with the opinion of Darete, Phrygian and other contemporaries.
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| − | The truth of this claim, considering the mythological chronology of the grammatical ''Alexandrian Heratostene'', would oblige us to go back to approximately 1184 BC, at the time in which according to the Bible, Gideon judged Israel: 126 years prior to David coming to the throne. But the historian, more traditional than anything else, cannot rely on these vague claims. Yet least of all when facing criticism. ''Diti'' and ''Darete'' did not know how to support their historical theory. Whether Antenore or Aeneas was the leader, or Gnidi or the Trojans the colonists, the study of local antiquities arouses a belief that Korčula in ancient times was not some Greco-Phoenician post. Even though during this period there are inferences which are not at all unfounded, none are of a particular positive nature.
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| − | The mystery clears then when the '''Illyrians''' become powerful lords of the Adriatic. Their king Agron, asserting his authority on the other neighbouring islands also occupied Korčula, in 250 B.C. On his death regaining its independence, the widow queen '''Teuta''' <ref>Editors notes: '''Queen Teuta''' (Ancient Greek: Τεύτα) was an Illyrian queen of the Ardiaei tribe who reigned approximately from 231 BC to 227 BC.</ref> took control of it again until Demetrius Fario, appointed as its prefect, surrendered it to the '''Romans''' together with Lesina (Hvar) his homeland. Whether Agron and Teuta had forcefully occupied the island with the use of arms, cannot be affirmed. The Alexandrian Appiano says no more than: ''"Pharumque bello captum"'' ; which makes us think it occurred due to combined dedication. Only in the times of ''Caesar'' '''Octavian Augustus''' (42 B.C.) does the name in the history of human events appear clear. It is known now for the first time, that the Curzolani (inhabitants of Korčula) tried to seal their reacquired freedom with their own blood. They resisted with anguished courage to the arms of the Triumvir who had come in person to conquer it. The punishment was equal to the resistance.
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| − | The Alexandrian Appiano tells us of the severity of the punishment and the cause of the war: {{Cquote|''Divus Augustus deficientes Melitenses et Corcyrenses qui Insulas incolunt; ingenti belli mole superavit, quoniam maria classe praedebatur. Puberes ad unum caesi cetera multitudo sub corona venit.'' <ref>Google Translate:
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| − | * "The deified Augustus, and, failing Corcyrenses Melita, who inhabit the Islands; a huge burden of the war he overpowered, since Mary, a fleet of praedebatur. Adult males were cut down to one thing, the rest were sold into slavery"</ref>}} But if Octavian in the repression caused it to be damaged, he didn’t consider it unworthy of his attention for its benefit; sending Roman colonists to it to direct it for better understanding and regulated habits, paving the way to a much greater cultivation and lessening the original coarseness. If the gravestones which are being unearthed among the ruins scattered across the island bear witness to the existence of the Roman colonies, they explain their purpose.
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| − | Korčula, from its origins to the present time, has been in existence for 3,038 years, and history classifies its political life in the following phases:
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| − | *Free with her own independence until the occupation by Agron, and then for very short intervals by Teuta, by the Romans until Octaviano Augustus; and then at the time of the Veneti <ref> People from the Veneto Region</ref> from 1180 to 1252, from 1254 to 1258, and from 1418 to 1420, on the whole.
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| − | *Subject to the Roman Emperors first from the west, then from the east, by Augustus at Heraclius until 642.
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| − | *Defeated and confederated by the Narantani (Neretljani) from 642 to 999.
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| − | *Conquered by the Veneti under the management of the doge '''Pietro Orscolo''' from 999 to 1100.
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| − | *Held by the Genoese from 1100 to 1129.
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| − | *Recaptured by Popone Zorzi, from the Veneto Region, and by the Republic subjected to this house from 1129 to 1180, from 1252 to 1254, and from 1258 until 1357.
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| − | *Possessed on behalf of the king of [[Hungary]] from 1257 and with brief interruptions of the Genoese until 1418.
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| − | *Devoting itself of its own accord to the ''Republic of Venice'' in 1420, and held by it with exemption from any tax until 1797.
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| − | *Surrendered with the Veneto State to Napoleon I of [[France]], and united with the Kingdom of Italy from 1806 to 1807, and later from 1808 to 1813 annexed with Dalmatian to the Illyrian provinces.
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| − | *Taken and held by the Russians in 1808
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| − | *Taken from the French by the [[England|English]] and guarded for themselves from 1813 to 1815.
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| − | *Occupied by [[Austria]], first by obligation from 1797 to 1806, later by Vienna Treaty from 1815 to the present 1858.
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| − | ==Chapter Two- Battles sustained by the Curzolani==
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| − | Protected by the Roman eagles, Korčula enjoyed peace and was well-off. Nor due to the change of events did she try to claim freedom; and as at first was faithful to Rome when the Empire divided she was ruled by Constantinople. But with the Caesars’ loss of power the days of pain were nearing.
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| − | From a very old report discovered recently, that we don’t consider apocryphal, is noted how frightening the invasion of the Narentani (Neretljani) was for the island, and as to a certain king ''qui fugiens a persecution galearum Narentinorum construxit arcem in Siralievax'', in which with one hundred of his followers he had stationed himself, succeeded to gather the surrounding defence to himself. This king would have built other fortresses there: Maxima Autem, says the report, {{Cquote|''arx fuit in domorio incolum quem locum appellant Bradat apud domum unius hominis probi, et sacnti quem incolae dicunt Sveti Visko''}} He had the inhabitants of Korčula equip six prisons at his own expense, and thus also erect three shelters: {{Cquote|''in portu ad septentrionem montis sic dicti Gradinae ubi sistebant naves nostril regis clementissimi.....non longe maris interni Insulae aptus locus est ad debellandos piratas fortes Narentinos molestos valde.'' <ref>Google Translate:
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| − | * "in the harbor to the north of the mountain where the so-called Gradinae nostril was presented the ships of the king 's most gracious ..... not far of the internal Islands of the sea is a place fit for the pirates in order to fight the mighty grievous Narentinos very much."</ref>}} Of all this there are obvious ruins to date.
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| − | Despite the relentless defence bravely sustained by the inhabitants, most from the Mattani in the fortress of Siralievaz, every effort was useless, the king was compelled to flee from the island; in fact he was almost taken by the Narentani (Neretljani) in the sortie made from the last western promontory, if he had not been freed on the part of the island. The reporter gives his name as Ristle and declares himself minister of the king, after his death which occurred elsewhere with royal brother Ottoniero, states that he returned to the island, where he had a sister desponsata Patron Spaho: {{Cquote|''.... domino domorij Sitinitiani (Sitnizza) pulcherimi agri in quo habebat tentorio et capiebat aves ... et inveni, continues, Narentinos depopulasse multa. Omnes mee vires sestebant in conspectioneagrorum atque navium ... nos non possumus prodire nullibi, nisi in fortes hostes incurramus.''}} There was hard aggression between both towns of which the ruins can still be seen in ''Bradat'' and ''Potirna''. They were inhabited also by Roman families, as the gravestones and many other ancient pieces unearthed not so long ago bear witness.
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| − | A battle took place on the island around the year 829. Exiled from the throne and from the Obeleiro State and Beato Antenonj, or Antonaj, doges, one after the other of Venice, to whom the Curzolani, already confederated of the Narentain (Neretljani), acknowledged friendship and partisan feelings, the latter fleeing to Korčula, where he had correspondences and instruments to recover with the assistance of these in the ducal seat. But the doge Zuanne Partecipazio, being informed of these schemes, at the head of a strong army descended upon Korčula, which despite powerful resistance, saw many of his own killed and the prisoners hanged; the ex doge Beato Antenonio had his ''head cut'' off.
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| − | A reporter of the Veneto Region stated that as a result of this fact Korčula and Veglia, where even the Antenonj had partisans, remained subject to those of the Veneto Region. This occurred for a brief period with regard to Korčula, the resulting reunion being tough between her and the Narentani (Neretljani), however the alliance lasted a short time. There is on the island a sunny valley called Dughipod, neighbouring the inundating field known as Blato, in which one could see various large masses of rocks, and among these the largest and widest, and the only one on the island, called ''Ducelova gomilla''. From the previous matter and from the places, which embrace vast plains suited for manoeuvring an army in battle, it is probable that a battle occurred there and that under that impressive mass of rocks was buried the beheaded doge ''Beato Antenonio'', and therefore to that the Slavic name of ''Ducelova gomilla'', namely the doge’s partition wall.
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| − | The fourth battle was with the doge of the Veneto Region Pietro Orseolo in 999, from which, having defeated the Narentani (Neretljani), their ally Korčula, was also conquered. Some historians note that the Curzolani, determined to oppose the advances of the doge, urged the Ragusani (Republic of Ragusa-Dubrovnik) and the Lesignani (Hvar) to form an alliance, but pre-empted by the sudden appearance of a large army in the Korčula Channel, which fruitlessly awaited on the nearby reef of S. Massimo, Vulgo <ref>also known as (abbr. aka); (ref. plant, animal) common name.</ref> Massan, for negotiations for the surrender, were thus forced to withstand alone what they had planned to carry out with their friends. Of this fact '''Andrea Dandolo''' <ref>Editors notes: '''Andrea Dandolo''' (1306 – September 7, 1354) was elected the 54th doge of Venice in 1343, replacing Bartolomeo Gradenigo who died in late 1342.</ref> writes: {{Cquote|''Curzolae habitatores suis (of Orseolo) recusants parere jussionibus, valida manu acquisivit suaeque potestati subjugavit.'' <ref>Google Translate:
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| − | * "Curzolae the inhabitants of his (of Orseolo) refused to obey the commandment, a strong force, has acquired the power of themselves and their subjugated.."</ref>}} The learned Marco Casotti with Lucio claim that the alliance of Korčula with the Narentani (Neretljani) worked to even make Venice their inland revenue, after the death of its doge ''Pietro Candiano'' in the battle of Pontamica, and that those of the Veneto Region were now avenging themselves of this by dismantling Korčula from the foundations.
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| − | The reports tell that the Venitians were distracted in the Holy Land undertaking and allowed the Genoese, in the year 1100, to occupy the island of Korčula and to keep it subjugated for some time. This subjection will not be followed with a fight, as the Curzolani with far greater powers fought to support their freedom, nor without shedding of blood would they be subjected.
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| − | ===Miroslav, Nemanja and Costantino-Counts of Raška===
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| − | Miroslav, Stefan Nemanja <ref>Editors notes: Stefan Nemanja (c. 1114 – 13 February 1199) was a 12th-century Serb royalty, heir to the Vukanović dynasty and Grand Prince of medieval Raška from 1166 to 1196.</ref> and Costantino, counts of Chelmo (Counts of Raška), <ref>Editors notes: '''Raška''' a Medieval Principality created by Serbian Slavs.</ref> broadened with significant conquests the fatherly encroachers and possessed the territories of Narenta (Neretljani), Macarsca (Makarska) and Stagno (Ston). With the introduction of the Ragusani (Dubrovnik) to the detriment of Catholicism they wanted to conquer also nearby Korčula and therefore Constantine with a strong army, which amounted to some twenty thousand men, in 1181 landed in a faraway part of the city and began to terrorise the island with fire and steel. But the Curzolani, ''cum se in unum conglobassent'', as '''Farlati''' <ref>Editors notes: '''Daniele Farlati''' (22 February 1690 – 25 April 1773) was an ecclesiastical historian. Farlati was born in San Daniele del Friuli in the present Italian.</ref> writes, took up the pursuit of their enemies, of which they killed many. Others were taken as prisoners, among which the said Constantino, who to obtain his freedom was compelled, together with his brothers, under oath to promise never again to make an attempt to take any step towards the independence of the Curzolani. With this resounding victory they honourably regained their freedom and preserved/protected the professed Catholic religion.
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| − | ===Zorzi House===
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| − | By the end of the year 1129 Korčula was subjected to the Zorzi House (Republic of Venice) but due to various events regained it's independence. In 1252 to Marsilio Zorzi succeeded in reconquering it for Venice. The Curzolani suffered badly under his tyranny and after two years of his control came to dismiss him. Ruggero Zorzi a few years later with the help of Venice and Ragusa (Dubrovnik), a strong arm of forces arrived below the city calling on it to surrender. Not taking any notice of these threats, the Curzolani resolutely rejected the attack and tested the enemy and inflected lots of damage, of whom they seized the banner. The wounded Ruggero was obliged to give up and take cover within the island. Part of the inhabitants, allured by promises acted as support for him in order that could return to the offensive against the city, which after a strong crushing battle, Ruggero sacked and demolished, placing Count Marsilio back in command, merciful towards the defeated, the walls he rebuilt were more beautiful than before.
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| − | In the year 1483 Federico of Aragon, son of Ferdinand king of Naples, at war with the Venetians, Lissa being destroyed, with a large army, having landed the troops, came to conquer Curzola. Giorgio Viario then ruled the island with the title of count for the republic of the Veneto region, a fearless and courageous man, who, the city well armed and having positioned the few island fighters in appropriate sites, resolutely defended with the work of these the repeated assaults and the destruction of the catapults and of the other military artilleries employed by the Aragonese to demolish the walls and enter the city. Such was the courage of the Curzolani who for several days resisted this siege, and repelled the attacks and striking down arrows they made a large number of aggressors fall under the walls. To shake this off, Count Viario envisaged the plan to have the bells peal suddenly, almost as a general joy for the approaching of Marcello’s party. The Aragonese bewildered by the events of this case and of the near danger, leaving under the walls of the city more than 500 men and a lot of war equipment, retreated fleeing on the high seas. This victory followed on 24th August, feast day of St. Bartholomew, to whom a commemorative procession was devoted in the thanksgiving that is customary in all parishes of the island on this all day feast. By the prince and Senate of the Veneto Region it was later so appreciated, that the following Ducal memorial was promptly detached;
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| − | Joannes Mocenigo Dei gratia Dux Venetiarum:{{Cquote|''Sapientissimis, et Egregiis Viris Comiti, et Populo Curzolensi fidelibus Nostris clarissimi salutem, et gratiam Nostram.''}}
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| − | *By Nikola Ostojic (1803-1869), originally written in Italian (Zadar-Printing Company of G. Woditzka 1858).
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| − | [[File:N Ostojic.jpg|thumb|left|275px|Nikola Ostojic author of Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula (''"Compendio Storico dell Isola di Curzola"'') from 1858.]]
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| − | == See also==
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| − | * [[Directory:Historical Compendium of the Island of Curzola-Original Direct Translation|Original Direct Translation from Italian]]
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| − | * [[Korcula Dialect]]
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| − | == Editors Notes ==
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| − | A Greek colony was founded on Korčula.<ref>An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen,2005,Index</ref> Greek colonists from Corcyra (Corfu) formed a small colony on the island in the 4th century B.C.
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| − | Lumbarda Psephisma is a stone inscription which documented the event and was found on the island of Korčula, in modern-day Croatia. The Psephisma is from Lumbarda, a small village where it was discovered in 1877 by Bozo Krsinic. The Greeks established a settlement on the basis of a prior agreement with the representatives of the local Illyrians who were Pil and his son Daz.
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| − | {{Cquote|'''Quote''': ''Best of luck. During the time of hieromnamon Praxidam in the month of Machaneus a contract was made to establish a colony between the people of Issa and Pil and his son Daz. Colony founders agreed upon and the people decided: those who where the first to occupy the land and built a wall around the city would get a special land to build houses within the fortified city, especially with a part, and of the land which was outside the city, so that those first people separately obtain the first lot of three plethrons separated from the land, and from the other parts, to write down (what lot and what part) each of them obtained, and in permanent ownership they (and their descendants) get one and a half plethrons each; subsequent colonists are to get from undistributed land in the field four and a half plethrons; the authorities swear never to divide the city or land again; if someone of the authority proposes something or someone agrees against this (Psephism), let he or she be dishonoured, and his or her property should become public property; the person who kills him or her is not to be punished……… This land was obtained and the city walls built by: Dymanes, Hylleis & Pamphylois.'' <ref>[http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=74289&lang=en Hrcak Portal of scientific journals of Croatia:] Lumbarda Psephisma, the Oldest Document about the Division of Land Parcels in Croatia from the Beginning of the 4th or 3rd Century BC by Miljenko Solaric & Nikola Solaic (University of Zagreb). </ref>}}
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| − | ==References==
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| − | [[Keyword:=Korcula]]
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| − | [[Keyword:=Korčula]]
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